People often refer to the side of the moon that always points away from us as the “dark side of the Moon,” perhaps in part due to the Pink Floyd album of the same name. When sunlight is partially falling on our side and partially on the other we see the intermediate phases such as crescent, quarter and gibbous moons, according to Sky and Telescope. When it occasionally does we see a solar eclipse. Again, the tilt of the moon's orbit usually prevents the moon from blocking our view of the sun. When the moon is between Earth and the sun, sunlight is completely illuminating the half facing away from us and so we see no light at all, or a New Moon. When Earth does block the light, we see a lunar eclipse.ĭuring a total solar eclipse – when the sun is obscured by the moon – the Sun’s corona, only visible during the total eclipse, is shown as a crown of white flares from the surface. Earth normally doesn't block the sunlight because the Moon's orbit is slightly tilted. This happens when the moon is on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth. Sometimes the illuminated half of the moon coincides with the half facing Earth. “The moon spins on its axis and orbits the Earth in the same amount of time – it's called synchronous rotation,” Patel said. The same half of the moon always faces the Earth, too. The same goes for the Earth – half of us experience daylight while the other half experience night. “Wherever the moon is in its orbit around the Earth, it is always half lit up by the sun.” Patel told Live Science. “The moon is only visible to us because it is reflecting the sun's light,” said Dhara Patel, a space expert at the United Kingdom's National Space Centre in Leicester. (Image credit: NASA Goddard) Why does the Moon have phases? This is what is known as a waxing crescent moon. It takes 29.5 days to go through this cycle of phases once, according to the Lunar and Planetary Institute. So a waning gibbous comes first, followed by a last quarter moon, a waning crescent and then a new moon once more. (It comes from an old Middle English word for "hump" because that's the shape it resembles in the night sky.) After the moon is full we say that the moon begins to wane. Next comes a waxing gibbous moon - part way between a first quarter and a full moon. During a first quarter moon, skywatchers see a quarter of the entire Moon illuminated. But if you think about it, the moon can be split into four quarters: two on the side of the moon facing us and then two on the side that faces away from the Earth. Over time, we begin to see more of it and we say the moon is waxing.įirst, we see a waxing crescent, then a so-called “ first quarter moon.” It's a slightly confusing name because it actually appears as a half-illuminated moon in the night sky. We say the moon is " new" when there's no light from the moon reaching Earth. Here's what it will look like tonight: What are the moon's phases? In fact, it is possible to work out the dates we'd see these phases for the next 50 million years. Hover over events for more details.As the phases are the moon are caused by the moon's orbit around Earth, they are entirely predictable. Current lunation cycle is highlighted yellow. Dates are based on the Gregorian calendar. Time is adjusted for DST when applicable. Business Date to Date (exclude holidays).
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Step 1 to 3 are repeated until all the elements are placed at their correct positions. For each iteration, indexing starts from the first unsorted element.After each iteration, minimum is placed in the front of the unsorted list. PriorityQueue minHeap new PriorityQueue () Max Heap: -> to keep the max element always on top, the same order as above.Min Heap: -> to keep the min element always on top, so you can access it in O (1). A class can change the data type of a field, and users of the class do not need to change any of their code.he public methods are the access points to this classs fields from the outside java world. The users of a class do not know how the class stores its data. The principle at work here is called Tell, don't ask. A class can have total control over what is stored in its fields. In older Java versions using pre-sized array was recommended, as the reflection call which is necessary to create an array of proper size was quite slow. If both objects know how to do that then this works fine, even if they do it differently. There are two styles to convert a collection to an array: either using a pre-sized array (like c.toArray (new String c.size ())) or using an empty array (like c.toArray (new String 0). Can flex call a thread I did not answer any questions apart from definition of Thread, that too I just learnt from internet. Can we create threads in Spring framework service class. Rather then ask which type of object you have at the current position you tell the object, whatever it is, to do what you want done. What is a thread Why do we go for threading A real time example over the threads. The process goes on until the last element.Ĭompare minimum with the remaining elements You can use Java Priority Queue as a Heap. The primary alternative to using instanceof is polymorphism. Again, if the third element is smaller, then assign minimum to the third element otherwise do nothing. If the second element is smaller than minimum, assign the second element as minimum.Ĭompare minimum with the third element. java param javaVersion string 17 description(Specifies the OS.
Reminder that if you want to use a menu driver with GDI, it’s best to use the RGUI menu driver.I've been talking about the future of the "desktop" on the cloud for years now. Bparker might be able to use some help with getting some of those niggles sorted out. There are still issues remaining with this GDI driver though on certain OS configurations. For this release, we added OSD font rendering to it. * For lower-end GPU hardware where neither Direct3D 9 or OpenGL is desirable or possible (because you don’t have hardware accelerated 3D video drivers), a GDI video driver is also available. Neither MaterialUI and/or XMB will render properly as of yet with Direct3D. If you want to use Direct 3D 9, you should only use the menu driver RGUI with it. * In most cases, your GPU driver will probably support Direct3D 9. In case you have such a GPU, you could opt to use the OpenGL driver which should be more full-featured than our GDI and/or Direct3D9 drivers. This GPU series should support OpenGL 2.0 and there should still be drivers somewhere available for Windows 98. There is one exception apparently, which is the nVidia Geforce 6 series. * Keep in mind that Windows 98 SE GPU drivers in most cases won’t support OpenGL 2.0. Here are some general hints and advice in case you want to run RetroArch on your retro battle station: Fortunately, most of our cores can happily compile as either C89 and/or C++98, so backporting is not as big an issue for it as it would be for other projects which are not as careful when it comes to code maintenance. For instance, cores that rely on C11 (like SameBoy) or C++11/C++14 (like Dinothawr/Dolphin/Citra) will not make the cut. Note that because it’s Visual Studio 2005/MSVC2005 we are relying on as our compiler, certain cores might never become available for this. We now have 29 cores available on our buildbot! You can get them by starting your copy of RetroArch 1.6.4 and going to Online Updater -> Update Cores. Upon release however, there were no cores. So we announced a Visual Studio 2005 version of RetroArch this past week which runs on Windows 98 SE / Millennium / 2000. " Release highlights Windows 98 SE/2000/Millennium Edition version – now with 29 cores! In case we could run it on OS9 either with VPC or Soft*. Only on 3dfx gear? Are all ATI and nVidia out?Īnyway, more info about retroarch over W98SE/ME/2000. QuickTime's MIDI playback engine is used for most of the in-game music which relied on a Soundblaster card with MIDI capabilities. Need for Speed, Warcraft (original), Duke Nukem (2D), Rise of the Triad, Jazz the JackRabbit, Command and Conquer, etc. DOS-only games run perfectly on older Mac hardware. I believe there is a download for version 1.1 on the Mac Repository, which was an update to support Win98SE and OS9. There are networking capabilities via Open Transport so it's possible to get online. It runs really smooth on my Sawtooth G4 under Mac OS 8.6 (or OS9). If you feel like traveling back in time, it's worth giving it a go. Windows 95 with MS Office was quite usable even on that PowerPC 601 hardware. EDIT: With support back to System 7.1.2 for minimum Mac OS overhead. RealPC shipped with MS-DOS and was the fastest x86 emulator back when a Power Macintosh 7100/66 was my main machine (Mac OS 8.1). I was an early adopter of RealPC, which was from Insignia, prior to SoftWindows (later purchased by FWB). No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. printed in the netherlandsĬONTENTS Preface. List of Text-Figures, Tables and Illustrations. Introduction Richard Gordon and Francisco Marco Simón. THE DISCOURSE OF MAGIC Chapter One Magus and its Cognates in Classical Latin. RivesĬhapter Two Magic in the Roman Historians. DickieĬhapter Three Heretical Texts and maleficium in the Codex Theodosianus (CTh. REVISING THE CORPUS Chapter Four The defixiones from the Sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna in Mainz. Jürgen BlänsdorfĬhapter Five Religion and Magic at Rome: The Fountain of Anna Perenna. Marina PiranomonteĬhapter Six The Texts from the Fons Annae Perennae. Jürgen BlänsdorfĬhapter Seven Cursing a Thief in Iberia and Britain. Roger Tomlin Chapter Eight Prayers for Justice in East and West: Recent Finds and Publications. WRITING DEFIXIONES: MODELS, LANGUAGE AND AIMS Chapter Nine How does Magical Language Work? The Spells and of the Latin defixionum tabellae. Amina KroppĬhapter Ten Inversion, Adversion and Perversion as Strategies in some Latin Curse Tablets. Christopher Faraone and Amina KroppĬhapter Eleven Execrating the Roman Power: Three defixiones from Emporiae (Ampurias). PROTECTIVE, EUDAEMONIC AND DIVINATORY MAGIC Chapter Twelve Nails for the Dead: A Polysemic Account of an Ancient Funerary Practice. Silvia Alfayé Villa Chapter Thirteen Magic at Sea: Amulets for Navigation. Sabino Perea Yébenes Chapter Fourteen A Prayer for Blessings on three Ritual Objects at Chartres-Autricum (France/Eure-et-Loir). Richard Gordon, Dominique Joly and William van AndringaĬontents Chapter Fifteen Mithraism and Magic. Jaime Alvar EzquerraĬhapter Sixteen A Visigothic Charm from Asturias and the Classical Tradition of Phylacteries Against Hail. Francisco Javier Fernández NietoĬhapter Seventeen Between Orthodox Belief and ‘Superstition’ in Visigothic Hispania. Isabel Velázquez SorianoĬhapter Eighteen Celtic Loricae and Ancient Magical Charms. Select Index of Texts and Documents cited. PREFACE This volume presents most of the papers given at the conference Magical Practice in the Latin-speaking Empire (Late Republic to Late Antiquity)/Prácticas mágicas en el Imperio romano latinoparlante desde fines de la República a la Antigüedad Tardía held at the University of Zaragoza (Saragosa) between 30th September and 1st October 2005. It is familiar that contemporary academic interest in the history of magic and witchcraft is a product of the shifts in historiographic practice that occurred in the 1960s, when many western European historians outside France discovered the history of mentalities and social micro-history, prompted by the example of the Annales school, especially Henri Lefebvre and E. The European archives were full of scarcely-exploited materials on witchcraft and magic, which have fuelled a now vast bibliography: as Robin Briggs recently put it, “witches have. Become big business in modern times”.1 Although it took some two decades for this influence to make itself felt in the field of ancient history, with the important exception of a famous paper by Peter Brown,2 the topic has become well-established over the past fifteen or twenty years, its commencement conventionally marked by the publication of Hans-Dieter Betz’ collective The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation (19861), Christopher Faraone and Dirk Obbink’s Hiera Magika (1991) and John Gager’s Curse Tablets and Binding Spells (1992). It offers satellite imagery, aerial photography, street maps, 360 interactive panoramic views of streets (Street View), real-time traffic conditions, and route planning for traveling by foot, car, bicycle and air (in beta), or public transportation. Lyft gives me 24 hours to change how I rate you. Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. Uber requires the driver to rate the passenger as soon as we end the trip, before we know whether you've tipped, and we can't change your rating later. Drivers are expected to accommodate riders using walkers, canes, folding wheelchairs, or other assistive devices. Riders who use folding wheelchairs can request a ride in all other options available through the Uber app. This is one way in which Uber differs from Lyft. Uber WAV is only available in select markets. Those that loudly announce it - maybe they're trying to get five stars from me (if so, they're trying way too hard). People who tip don't announce it - they just tip. And it's not just me - I've seen this complaint for years in online driver forums. I've noticed people who say, "I'll tip you in the app," almost never do. You can also click on 'help' within the app to send a message, or by filling out the contact form at. Only drivers can contact the Uber helpline at (800) 593-7069. PRESS 3, 4, or 5 to request an Uber or Lyft to a custom pickup location (once youre. Uber does not offer phone support for riders in Gainesville, GA. Since then, this program has served people in over 1,900 cities and towns and has provided. Our goal was providing rides to help people in need access essential medical services, complete education programs, get to job interviews, and more. Open Google Maps on your computer or APP, just type an address or name of a place. Contact a location near you for products or services. The lyft hub locations locations can help with all your needs. PRESS 2 to request an Uber or Lyft to be sent to where we dropped you off last. In 2018, United Way and 211 partnered with Lyft to launch Ride United Transportation Access. Find a lyft hub locations near you today. I rarely get cash tips - maybe about $10 a month. Call +1 (855)-464-6872 and wait to hear: 'Thanks for calling GoGo.' PRESS 1 to immediately request an Uber or Lyft to be sent to your home. If you tip me tomorrow, or two weeks from now, I can see the updated ride receipt. When your ride ends, the app generates an itemized record of our trip earnings, including the fare, any bonuses, and a tip if there is one. Right now, on Uber I'm rated 4.96, and a one-star rating might knock me down to something like 4.95. Because of the way the numbers work, an occasional bad rating doesn't hurt me. Most passengers give drivers five stars, or they don't rate us (Lyft defaults to five stars). According to the company’s website, vehicles must have between five to eight working seatbelts and four doors.Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. News4 is waiting for a response from Lyft about the filing. The driver of the car that struck Wolf was not charged. Home Privacy Policy Terms of Use Rental Agreement. “We are looking to have Lyft reform themselves with respect to their hiring, training and supervision of their drivers, because this type of thing should never be allowed to happen,” the family’s attorney went on to say.Īs of now, no charges have been leveled against the Lyft driver. Need a rental car to drive and earn with Lyft You can get one through Lyfts Express Drive program. The lawsuit seeks monetary compensation for Wolf’s survivors and some changes from Lyft. near to us does this great and free spirit seem to be by his retention of. “We have filed an action against the driver and against Lyft, for Lyft’s failure to properly supervise their driver, failure to properly train their driver and also for their responsibility as the employer of the Lyft driver,” Specter said. The most effective way to connect with Lyft is through their help center. Lyft up your lytell whyte handes for me, ' he says in the preface to his. The driver that struck Wolf stayed on the scene, but investigators say the Lyft driver left and was located later. ‘Body parts are flying': Survivor recounts Hamas attack on music festival at DC synagogue People’s beliefs about him are so strong that he believes it himself. As a result, he starts to believe them and begins to spiral down the wrong path. Throughout the series, people have assumptions about who he is as a person. Lawrence: I play a heroin addict named Tommy Wah. PC: Tell us about Wu Assassins, your character, and what drew you to this project. Pop Culturalist had the pleasure of speaking with Lawrence about Wu Assassins and the lessons he’s learned in the industry. It’s a role that Lawrence hopes will help audiences have more compassion for others, and it’s one that he hopes furthers the conversation for greater representation on screen. His character is a struggling heroin addict looking to turn his life around. Personally I love the red and blue.Lawrence Kao is delivering a knockout performance as Tommy Wah in Netflix’s action-packed new series Wu Assassins. There seems to be a blue gelled flash camera right, bringing up the right hand wall and looks to be bare from the shadows. Maybe one more, snooted to pick up the pills? From the fall off I reckon the brolly was on a c-stand floating somewhere above your head. The woman looks to be lit by a zoomed flash, gelled 2 cuts CTO?, though partially covered brolly, the shadow is softly sharp (if that makes sense). The lamp… hmmn, puzzled me for a bit, thought it was just turned on, but there dosen’t seem to be anything blocking the back of the shade and if the bulb was creating the light there would be splash back on the wall so I’m gonna go with a CTO’d gel’d flash in there as well. Next, a lovely wide, low flash gelled blue for the wall, bare by the looks of the door shadow. I’m guessing they’re coming through a lasolite panel or ye ole bedsheet to get the spread. Outside through the fog, I’m guessing there’s more than one red gelled flash out there, perhaps two, the one for the window and one for the kicker on the man’s face. Highish f stop to get the whole of the frame in focus along with setting the lens at hyperfocal. My guess on this one is a strobe behind the door and window concealed right behind the man with a red gel on it to give atmosphere while keeping the man in the dark, another one with red gel and snoot near the door and behind the wall with the painting pointing at the man’s face so it will not contaminate the body, one strobe inside the lamp, clamped to it, on the floor with a CTO gel on lower power just to give the mood to the lamp, one strobe with snoot to the lady’s legs also with a CTO gel from above her and another strobe snooted with a Blue gel pointing to the table, another strobe with blue gel behind the bed pointing at the all to give volume to the bed and legs.Ĭurious to see how you did it and keep up the GOOD work and thanks for the inspirational moments.Ĭamera is set to Daylight to help the Red lighting? Semi slow shutter under 1/60th to get the tv. As we use to say around these places… the older the wine the better it is □ Wild guess.īeen following your work all along and man I can tell you that you even better than Port Wine. They are a similar color, and if you put a lamp there, sans-shade, it might look the way it does. I’m gonna take a wild guess and say that this is another tungsten lamp, similar to the one that’s on the floor. I think there is a flash in the top left corner of the room which is providing the orange/red light on the table legs and pill bottles.įinally, the last light is behind the man’s legs. I do believe there are two more light sources, as well, although these ones are a bit tougher. There is also a similar one aimed across the gent’s face and hitting the door. There is one that is snooted or gridded providing a splash of light across the woman’s foot. There are a few that are more subtle that I think exist: There is also one above and camera right providing light on the woman’s leg. There is a orange flash outside the window providing most of the light out there. Another blue flash behind the bed aimed at the wall behind the picture. Looks like there is one blue flash to the far right. I believe there is a tungsten bulb in the lamp shade as well. I believe there is obviously light from the television, although it doesn’t seem to be casting too much light. Var gform gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function() ) Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Check out the details of our buylist guide and grading guide of MTG card prices here to learn how to sell your cards to us at very quick and easy way. We also buy cards that are slightly played and heavily played at a discount rate. We are also happy to buy MTG cards from you. Have MTG cards for sale? No need to look elsewhere. What's more, international customers may even enjoy free upgrade to Express Mail for purchases exceeding the prescribed amount. We support different payment and shipping methods to provide the greatest convenience to our customers. See details of our store credit rebate here. You can also double up the fund by earning store credit rebate for future purchases with accumulated shopping orders. Browse our selection now to find your favourite Magic: The Gathering cards at prices that will delight you. Most of our stock came directly from packs and we will double check the card's condition before shipping your orders. From MTG cards, card booster box, packs singles, card sleeves, deck boxes and pocket portfolios, to play mats, dices and counters, dividers and toploaders, offers as many as 60,000 Trading Cards' related products to a customer base of over 50,000 people across 100 countries. 1 for Magic the Gathering products with over 100,000 feedbacks. has a long-standing popularity with customers thanks to its superior service and is ranked No. Welcome to, a globally trusted platform for buying and selling Magic: The Gathering cards! Hello everyone Today we’re going over decklists for the Standard 2022 queue The main attraction to the 2022 event is that you get to play Standard as if it’s the September rotation which leaves us with: Zendikar Rising, Kaldheim, Strixhaven, and Dungeons & Dragons: Adventures in the Forgotten Realms. He is a white clownish rabbit with a gap between his front teeth, a voice that resonates of Huntz Hall in "The Bowery Boys", a blue Porky Pig-like bowtie with yellow spots, a droopy-like hair, a Bugs Bunny-like head with blue eyes, a pink nose and round-tipped ears, red Oswald-like pants with a green patch behind and Mickey Mouse-like gloves (yellow ones). One of his famous traits is his voice, "P-b-b-b-b-bleeeease!". In the movie, the voice of Roger Rabbit is performed by Charles Fleischer, who was known for electing to wear an actual rabbit costume on the set to get into the role. While his antics initially annoy Eddie and he wants nothing to do with him, even he eventually comes to appreciate his better qualities, which contributes to him getting over his negative bias towards Toons due to seeing they're not all bad. However, he's also genuinely kind, empathetic and well-meaning, and takes the concept of using humor to make people happy quite seriously, which probably contributes to why he get along well with many of his fellow Toons like Baby Herman and Benny the Cab, as well as why Jessica is attracted to him (in addition to his sense of humor, which is considered a very important quality among Toons). He is also somewhat childish and somewhat dimwitted at times. In many ways, Roger acts like a typical cartoon character, meaning he's very prone to acting over-the-top, regardless of what emotion he's feeling. 2.4 Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (movie). The pricing information indicates that for kids our granddaughter's height/age, she is cleared to ride the rides locates in the "Midway" section of the amusement park. You enter into an arcade with video games. While babysitting our 4 yr old granddaughter one day, we decided to take her to Zoomers. we live just 5 minutes down the road from Zoomers. They have a lot of work to do if they want to be able to continue charging these prices for their birthday packages. Even when it was time for me to pay the paperwork was incorrect. Our room was reserved for 4:00 and they came and got me at 3:00 and said our pizzas were ready and no one could explain why they were changing the time. The birthday rooms are EXTREMLY tiny and they rush you with only giving 45 min for food, cake and presents. No one even checked with me to see if we needed anything or if everything was going ok. The food is horrible and the staff is extremely slow. Honestly for the amount of staff that they have, they were still pretty much clueless to what was going on. The kids waisted alot of the party time waiting in line to fix this situatuon. I purchased extra game cards for the children and when they went to ride the rides they made them swipe their cards even though they were wearing wrist bands and they were deducting the money off of the game cards even though rides are included in the price. There is a 10 child minimum and beware of hidden costs for each additional child over the 1st 10. I called a supervisor the next day & they assured me that everything would be corrected, which it wasn't. They called me 2 days before and all of the info was incorrect from the sex of my child, the age of my child to the time of the party. I booked my childs party 6 wks before the actual party and everything from the paperwork to the food was screwed up. They literally do not know what is coming or going. Zoomers birthday packages are WAY over priced for what you get! The staff is extremely unorganized. Im not going to be wasting anymore time or money on this place. Needless to say these employees can keep the go-carts. Its a shame really, you spend money to have a good time and people that work there spoil it. A manager came out to assess the situation, I stepped in to back up the guest and share my feelings about these employees. He must have had the same experience we did with these kids only they pushed him a bit too far and after confronting the kid they started scuffling. After playing some games inside we rode the grand prix track which was great! While we were exiting the track we noticed another guest extremely frustrated and annoyed exiting the slick track. "We get it, you work here, stop ruining our fun" is what I was thinking. The smug arrogance of especially one of these kids was absolutely appalling and left a very bad taste in our mouths. These kids must have needed to show off how "cool" they were since they work at a go-cart track. Come to find out it was to the 3 employees in the carts behind us. We were getting prepared to ride the slick track and the attendant said,"Don't start any trouble." Thinking it was in reference to one of the people in our group I didn't think too much about it. Apparently we were going to find out how out of hand things can get with these young employees. We have always had a pretty good time here even though the cart staff is a little cocky and lack luster. One Friday evening a group of us decided to kill some time and go ride the carts. The main draw are the go-carts in my opinion. Its a fun spot for kids and adults a like. It does not store any personal data.We visit Zoomers every now and again. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit"-topics that clearly merit an article-have already been created and built up extensively. A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006 by 2013 that average was roughly 800. Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors, appears to have peaked around early 2007. Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from to. Ĭiting fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Bomis originally intended it as a business for profit. Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. Its integral policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its first few months. The name originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia. Wikipedia was launched on Janu as a single English-language edition at and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. The domains (later redirecting to ) and were registered on January 12, 2001, and January 13, 2001, respectively. On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis, a web portal company. Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. Wikipedia founders Jimmy Wales (left) and Larry Sanger (right) Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources of frequently updated information about those events. It has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site. While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise in the late 2010s and early 2020s, having become an important fact-checking site. It has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias, particularly gender bias against women and geographical bias against the Global South. Wikipedia has been praised for its enablement of the democratization of knowledge, extent of coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia's editions when combined, comprise more than 61 million articles, attracting around 2 billion unique device visits per month and more than 15 million edits per month (about 5.8 edits per second on average) as of July 2023. Initially only available in English, editions in other languages were quickly developed. Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger on January 15, 2001, it is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, an American nonprofit organization. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history, and has consistently been one of the 10 most popular websites. Wikipedia is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, collectively known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system called MediaWiki. Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL media licensing varies |
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